Cardiac catheterization is a vital medical procedure that serves as the foundation for coronary angiograms and angioplasty surgery. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they refer to different aspects of heart care. In Hong Kong, approximately 10,000 angioplasty procedures are performed each year, with a success rate of over 90% . Most patients can leave the hospital on the same day, making it a common and effective treatment for coronary artery disease.-What is Cardiac Catheterization?Cardiac catheterization is a low-risk diagnostic procedure that allows doctors to assess the heart’s function and blood flow. During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the arm or groin, and guided to the heart. Through this catheter, medical professionals can measure heart pressure, evaluate oxygen levels, and check for blockages or abnormalities in the coronary arteries.-Cardiac catheterization is not considered a surgery because no large incisions are made. It involves a small puncture site that heals quickly, allowing for a short recovery time. This procedure is often performed on an outpatient basis, meaning patients can go home on the same day. If necessary, additional tests such as a coronary angiogram can be conducted during the same session to provide further insight into the condition of the arteries.-What is a Coronary Angiogram?A coronary angiogram is a type of cardiac catheterization used to diagnose blockages in the coronary arteries. This test involves injecting a contrast dye through the catheter, making the arteries visible on X-ray images. Cardiologists can determine if any narrowings or obstructions could restrict blood flow to the heart by observing how the dye moves through the blood vessels.-The coronary arteries are crucial in supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. If one of these arteries becomes blocked, it can lead to a heart attack. Coronary angiograms are typically recommended for patients who have had abnormal stress tests, unexplained chest pain, or a history of heart attack or heart failure. If blockages are identified early, doctors can decide on the most appropriate treatment, which may include lifestyle modifications, medication, or a coronary angioplasty procedure.-How to Prepare for a Coronary AngiogramPreparation for a coronary angiogram is straightforward. Patients are usually advised to fast for at least eight hours before the procedure, during which water is generally allowed. Certain medications, such as anticoagulants, diabetes drugs, and diuretics may need to be adjusted to reduce the risk of complications. Your healthcare provider will provide specific instructions based on your medical history and current medications.-What Is a Coronary Angioplasty?Coronary angioplasty is a procedure designed to open clogged blood vessels and restore proper blood flow to the heart muscle. This minimally invasive treatment is often performed as an emergency intervention for heart attacks or as a planned procedure to address severe blockages found during an angiogram.-During angioplasty, a catheter with a deflated balloon at its tip is guided to the site of the blockage. Once in position, the balloon is inflated, pushing the plaque against the artery walls and widening the blood vessel. In most cases, a small, expandable metal mesh tube called a “stent” is inserted to keep the artery open. The stent acts as a scaffold, preventing the artery from narrowing again.-Stents used in angioplasty are typically between 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter and 8 to 38 millimeters in length. Some stents are coated with medication to reduce the risk of restenosis, a re-narrowing of the artery. This procedure significantly improves blood flow and reduces the likelihood of future heart complications.-Why Might Someone Need Coronary Angioplasty?Coronary angioplasty is recommended for patients with significant artery blockages that restrict blood flow to the heart. These blockages are often caused by atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances build up on the artery walls.-Patients who have tried medication and lifestyle changes but continue to experience symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath may also be candidates for angioplasty. In emergency situations, such as a heart attack, angioplasty can be a life-saving procedure that quickly restores blood supply to the heart. The treatment will improve blood circulation, which will help reduce the risk of further cardiac events and enhance overall heart health.-The Path to a Healthier HeartCardiac catheterization, coronary angiograms, and angioplasty are essential processes in diagnosing and treating heart disease. While catheterization provides access to the heart’s blood vessels, angiograms help identify blockages, and angioplasty serves as a treatment to restore proper blood flow. With Hong Kong’s high success rate in performing angioplasty procedures, these interventions offer an effective solution for managing heart health.-Body Checks at Blue CareAt Blue Care, we offera diverse range of health screening packagestailored to meet the needs of individuals at different stages of life. Whether you are a male or female adult looking for a basic health assessment, a middle-aged professional seeking comprehensive screenings, or a senior requiring more specialized tests, our packages are designed to provide thorough evaluations for your unique health requirements and holistic health screening options for you.-Click here-to read the check-up plan details.-Sources:1. 通波仔究竟要放幾多支架. (2023). Care for your Heart. Available from: https://www.careheart.org.hk/?p=28165#:~:text=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A6%E6%82%A3%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%A0%E5%BF%83%E7%97%85,%E7%8E%87%E4%BA%A6%E4%BD%8E%E6%96%BC10%25%E3%80%822. Cardiac Catheterization. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16832-cardiac-catheterization3. Coronary angiogram. (2023). Mayo Clinic. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-203849044. Coronary angioplasty and stents. (2023). Mayo Clinic. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angioplasty/about/pac-203847615. Angioplasty. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22060-angioplasty

In Hong Kong, skin lesions such as moles, warts, and keratoses are common, with over 1,000 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer reported in 2022 alone . While the majority of these lesions are benign, they can cause discomfort, affect appearance, or be indicative of underlying health issues. Fortunately, dermatology clinics across Hong Kong offer a range of effective treatments to address these concerns.-This guide aims to provide an overview of four common procedures used to treat skin lesions: skin curettage, cryotherapy, cauterization, and excision. Understanding these options can help you make informed decisions about your skin health and when to seek professional care.-What Are Skin Lesions and Why Are They Removed?A skin lesion refers to any abnormality on the skin, ranging from moles and warts to skin tags and keratoses. While most of these lesions are benign and non-cancerous, they may still require removal for a variety of reasons:-1. Cosmetic concerns: Some people prefer to remove lesions that affect their appearance, such as unsightly moles or growths.2. Medical reasons: In certain cases, a lesion might need to be removed to check for skin cancer or other underlying conditions.3. Discomfort: Lesions that rub against clothing or cause irritation may need to be removed for comfort.-The good news is that most procedures for removing skin lesions are quick, safe, and performed on an outpatient basis, with minimal risk and downtime.-1. Skin CurettageWhat It IsSkin curettage is a procedure where a sharp, spoon-like instrument called a curette is used to scrape off a lesion from the skin. This method is useful for removing superficial growths such as warts, seborrheic keratoses, and basal cell carcinomas.How It WorksThe dermatologist carefully scrapes away the affected skin, often using local anesthesia to ensure the procedure is painless. Curettage may be combined with other treatments, such as cryotherapy or cauterization, to ensure complete removal and reduce the risk of recurrence.Healing and AftercareCurettage usually has a fast recovery time, with many patients experiencing minimal discomfort afterwards. Some mild scabbing or redness is normal, but with proper aftercare, healing is typically quick. It’s important to keep the treated area clean and avoid scratching or picking at the scab to prevent infection.-2. CryotherapyWhat It IsCryotherapy involves using extremely cold liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. This treatment is effective for a variety of skin lesions, including warts, actinic keratoses, and skin tags.How It WorksDuring the procedure, the dermatologist applies liquid nitrogen to the lesion, causing the skin to freeze. The freezing sensation can be uncomfortable for a few seconds, but it is usually tolerable. Over the next few days, the treated area will blister and eventually fall off as the skin heals.Healing and AftercareCryotherapy typically results in some mild blistering and discomfort, but the healing process usually takes 1 to 2 weeks. While there is a small risk of scarring, this method is considered safe and efficient. Cryotherapy is often performed in local clinics and is particularly popular due to its simplicity and effectiveness.-3.CauterizationWhat It IsCauterization is a procedure that uses heat or chemicals to burn tissue, either to remove a lesion or to stop bleeding. There are two main methods of cauterization: electric cautery (using a heated probe) and chemical cautery (using a caustic substance).How It WorksCauterization can be used for a variety of lesions, from small warts to larger growths. The heat or chemical applied to the tissue destroys the abnormal cells, and in some cases, helps seal blood vessels to prevent further bleeding. Cauterization is often used after curettage or on its own for smaller lesions.Healing and AftercareThis method typically leads to a faster healing time compared to more invasive procedures, although there may be some scarring. It’s important to follow proper aftercare to minimize scarring and ensure a smooth recovery.-4. Lesion Excision/Excision BiopsyWhat It IsLesion excision involves cutting out the entire lesion and sometimes a small amount of surrounding tissue. This procedure is ideal for suspicious moles, cysts, or lesions that need to be biopsied to rule out skin cancer.How It WorksExcision is usually performed under local anesthesia to numb the area. The dermatologist will use a scalpel to remove the lesion and any surrounding tissue, followed by suturing the wound. The excised tissue may be sent for testing, especially if there is concern about malignancy.Healing and AftercareAfter excision, patients will need to care for the wound, keeping it clean and dry. Stitches are typically removed within 1–2 weeks. The healing time can vary, and there may be a scar, but with proper care, the scar is usually small and fades over time.-5. CO2 Laser TreatmentWhat It IsCO2 laser treatment uses focused laser light to precisely vaporize tissue, making it highly effective for treating lesions like warts, moles, and actinic keratoses. The laser’s precision allows for minimal surrounding tissue damage and can result in faster healing times.How It WorksThe CO2 laser is directed at the lesion, where it vaporizes the tissue layer by layer. The controlled nature of the laser means that only the abnormal tissue is affected, leaving healthy skin intact.Healing and AftercareThe healing process typically takes about 1–2 weeks. Some redness and slight scabbing may occur, but with proper care, the treated area heals with minimal scarring. CO2 laser treatment is particularly valued for its ability to remove lesions precisely with minimal impact on surrounding skin-How to Choose the Right ProcedureChoosing the right procedure for removing a skin lesion depends on several factors:●Type and Size of the Lesion: Smaller, superficial lesions may benefit from cryotherapy or curettage, while larger or deeper lesions might require excision.● Location: Lesions in certain areas (like the face) may require more careful consideration to minimize scarring.●Purpose: Some lesions are removed for cosmetic reasons, while others may need to be removed due to medical concerns like potential skin cancer.-Consulting with a dermatologist is essential to determine the best treatment for your specific situation. They will assess the lesion, its location, and your health history before recommending the right course of action.-Are These Procedures Safe?All of the procedures mentioned, skin curettage, cryotherapy, cauterisation, excision and CO2 Laser Treatment, are safe and commonly performed in dermatology clinics throughout Hong Kong. These procedures carry minimal risks, and complications are rare when performed by a qualified professional. A comprehensive review indicates that perioperative and postoperative complications in dermatologic surgery are infrequent, with an overall rate of 1% to 9%, and these are typically minor in nature .Most treatments are outpatient procedures, which means you can go home the same day, and the recovery time is generally short.-Caring for Your Skin After TreatmentProper aftercare is essential to ensure a smooth healing process. Here are some general tips:●Keep the area clean and dry to avoid infection.●Avoid scratching or picking at scabs or blisters.●Watch for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, or pus. If you experience these, contact your doctor promptly.●Protect the treated area from the sun. Sun exposure can cause scarring and may even lead to the formation of new lesions.By following these aftercare instructions, you can help ensure that your skin heals properly and without complications.-Understanding Your Options for Safe Skin CareSkin curettage, cryotherapy, cauterization, excision and CO2 Laser Treatment are all effective and commonly used treatments for removing skin lesions. Whether you’re looking to remove a benign growth for cosmetic reasons or addressing a medical concern, these procedures are quick, low-risk, and widely practiced in Hong Kong. If you notice any changes to your skin, it’s important to consult with a dermatologist to determine the best course of action. Taking care of your skin with regular check-ups and proper aftercare can help keep your skin healthy and free of unwanted lesions.-Sources：1.Hong Kong Cancer Registry. (n.d.). Skin Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov.hk/en/hong_kong_cancer/common_cancers_in_hong_kong/skin_cancer.html2.American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. (n.d.). Curettage and Desiccation. Retrieved from https://www.asds.net/skin-experts/skin-treatments/curettage-and-desiccation3.Cleveland Clinic. (2020). Cryotherapy. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21099-cryotherapy4.Canadian Cancer Society. (n.d.). Cauterization. Retrieved from https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/resources/glossary/c/cauterizationDermNet NZ. (2023). Excision of Skin Lesions. Retrieved from https://dermnetnz.org/topics/excision-of-skin-lesions5.UpToDate. (2024). Skin Surgery: Prevention and Treatment of Complications. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/skin-surgery-prevention-and-treatment-of-complications/print6.Medical News Today. (2025). What are CO2 lasers?. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-co2-laser

Breathing and voice health significantly impact our daily functioning and overall quality of life. The nasal passages and throat facilitate proper breathing and clear speech. Conditions such as nasal obstruction, deviated septum, and nasal polyps can compromise these functions, leading to chronic breathing difficulties, sleep disruption and persistent discomfort. ENT specialists offer various procedural interventions that effectively address these issues, ranging from minimally invasive techniques to more comprehensive surgical approaches. -What is Nasal Surgery?Nasal surgery encompasses a range of specialized procedures designed to address structural abnormalities or pathological conditions affecting the nasal passages and sinuses. These interventions remove obstructions, repair damaged tissue, or restructure the nasal anatomy to restore normal breathing function. Septoplasty and Nasal Polyps Surgery represent two specialized interventions that address structural and inflammatory issues.-SeptoplastySeptoplasty is a specific type of nasal surgery that addresses deviations in the nasal septum. The septum is a seven cm-long partition made of cartilage and bone that separates the left and right nasal cavities. When the septum becomes crooked or displaced, it can obstruct airflow through one or both nostrils, leading to breathing difficulties and chronic sinusitis. Unlike cosmetic rhinoplasty, septoplasty focuses exclusively on improving function rather than appearance.-During septoplasty, an ENT surgeon makes precise incisions inside the nostril to access the deviated portions of the septum. The surgeon removes or reshapes the affected cartilage and bone before repositioning the remaining tissue in the proper midline position. The procedure typically takes 30-90 minutes and is usually outpatient. The patient will normally experience mild to moderate discomfort. Most patients experience significant improvement in nasal breathing within 2-3 weeks, but it may take several months to heal completely. -Nasal Polyp SurgeryNasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths in the nasal passages or sinuses lining. Enlarging or multiplying can obstruct the nasal airways and cause persistent congestion or pressure headaches.-Corticosteroid nasal sprays and oral steroids can initially treat nasal polyps, but if they remain resistant, surgical intervention is necessary. Nasal polypectomy is the standard surgical procedure for polyp removal. It uses specialized endoscopic visualization and precise microsurgical instruments, such as surgical scissors or wire snares, to extract the polyps without damaging the surrounding tissue.-For more complex cases involving the sinuses, balloon sinuplasty offers a less invasive alternative. This procedure involves threading a small balloon catheter through the nostril into the affected sinus passage, then inflating it to expand the opening and restore normal drainage. The surgeon can simultaneously remove accessible polyps during this procedure. Nasal polypectomy and balloon sinuplasty are typically performed under general anesthesia on an outpatient basis, with recovery times ranging from a few days to two weeks, depending on the extent of the procedure and individual healing factors.-What is a Laryngoscopy?Laryngoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows ENT specialists to examine the larynx (voice box), vocal cords, and surrounding structures in the throat. The larynx, positioned between the throat and trachea (windpipe), houses the vocal cords. These are delicate tissues that vibrate to produce sound when we speak. Visualizing these structures helps identify inflammation, growths, paralysis, or other abnormalities affecting breathing or voice abilities. There are three primary types of laryngoscopy, each with specific applications:-Indirect LaryngoscopyIndirect laryngoscopy is the most basic form of laryngoscopy. The specialist uses a small, angled mirror and light source at the back of the throat. Before the examination, the specialist applies a topical anesthetic spray to suppress the gag reflex. This technique provides a limited view but is suitable for detecting abnormalities within the surrounding throat area. This approach is used to initially screen patients with mild hoarseness or mild throat pain where major abnormalities are not suspected.-Flexible Fiberoptic LaryngoscopyThis form of laryngoscopy is minimally invasive. It uses a thin, flexible endoscope with a fiberoptic camera inserted through the nostril and guided down to the throat. The procedure can be performed in an office setting with topical anesthesia. During speech and breathing, the vocal cords are visualized. This method is preferred for evaluating vocal cord movement disorders and assessing professional voice users with subtle voice changes or vocal fatigue.-Direct LaryngoscopyThis is the most comprehensive form of laryngoscopy performed in the operating theater under general anesthesia. The surgeon inserts a rigid laryngoscope through the mouth, providing visualization and allowing for tissue sampling (biopsy) during the procedure. Direct laryngoscopy is necessary for cases requiring biopsy of suspicious lesions, removal of vocal cord polyps or nodules or when cancer is suspected and precise tissue examination is needed.-Treatments Following LaryngoscopyLaryngoscopy is primarily a diagnostic procedure which guides treatments for identified conditions. -For inflammatory conditions such as laryngitis, treatments typically include anti-inflammatory medications to reduce stomach acid production. Patients can also improve hydration and eliminate cigarette smoke. If voice therapy and medical management are insufficient, structural abnormalities such as vocal cord polyps, nodules, or cysts may require surgical removal. Phonosurgery is a microsurgery of the vocal cords that preserves normal tissue while removing pathological structures.--Easy Breathing and Speaking Through Advanced ENT ProceduresAdvanced ENT procedures, such as nasal surgeries and laryngoscopic interventions, offer life-changing solutions for individuals struggling with breathing difficulties and voice disorders. These specialized techniques treat symptoms and address the underlying functional issues that impact daily quality of life. These procedures are generally minimally invasive, meaning a shorter recovery time and better patient outcomes. Opting for one of these procedures can ensure proper nasal airflow and vocal function, helping patients breathe and speak more easily.-Sources:1. Sinus Surgery. (2022). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/15854-sinus-surgery-overview2. Nasal Polypscopy. (2024). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15250-nasal-polyps3. Laryngoscopy and nasolaryngoscopy. (2023). Medline Plus. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007507.htm4. Laryngoscopy. (2022). Cleveland Clinic. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22803-laryngoscopy

At the end of March 2025, 20 students and a teacher who went on a three-day exchange study tour to Zhaoqing experienced a norovirus outbreak. The students and the teacher began to develop symptoms consistent with the norovirus infection, including vomiting, diarrhoea, and fever. Among the group, eight tested positive for norovirus . As summer travel commences, it’s imperative to know the symptoms of norovirus, how it spreads, and the key prevention strategies one can take.-What is Norovirus?Norovirus, also often referred to as the stomach flu or stomach bug, is the leading cause of vomiting and diarrhoea worldwide. Affecting people of all ages, this highly contagious virus causes acute gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Despite being called the “stomach flu,” norovirus is not related to the influenza virus, which causes respiratory illness. It is known for its rapid onset of symptoms and its ability to spread quickly in environments with crowded spaces, like schools, nursing homes, hotels and cruise ships. Norovirus outbreaks are common, particularly during winter months, and can affect individuals who ingest contaminated food or come into contact with infected individuals.-What are the Symptoms of Norovirus?Norovirus typically causes a sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and stomach pain. Some people may also develop a headache or a mild fever as part of their symptoms. While both children and adults experience similar signs, adults are more likely to suffer from diarrhoea, whereas children tend to vomit more frequently. Symptoms usually begin within 1 to 2 days after exposure, although in some cases, illness can start as early as 12 hours after infection. Once symptoms appear, individuals often feel abruptly unwell and may vomit several times throughout the day. Although most people recover within 1 to 2 days without lasting health effects, the virus can continue to shed in stool for up to two weeks, allowing recovered individuals to still pass it on to others.-How Can One Get Norovirus?Norovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted in a range of everyday situations. It can spread through a person’s vomitus or faeces, where microscopic traces in infected vomit or stool can contaminate hands, food, and water. -Eating Contaminated FoodFood can be contaminated at any stage, whether during production, preparation, or serving. Norovirus is often found in shellfish as they can be harvested from polluted waters. Raw produce also carries norovirus, as infected workers handling the produce could pass on the virus. Food safety practices are essential, especially when eating out or travelling in a foreign country. -Direct Contact with Infected IndividualsClose personal contact with someone who is infected can also easily spread norovirus. Those who care for a sick person, share food or utensils, or even shake hands after contact with vomit, stool, or saliva particles are all susceptible to the norovirus.Since the virus can be present in high amounts in bodily fluids, even casual exposure can be enough to cause illness. It is essential to maintain strict hygiene standards, especially when caring for someone who is sick, to prevent the virus from spreading from person to person.-Touching Contaminated SurfacesNorovirus can survive on hard surfaces for several days, making it easy to contract norovirus without realizing it. Common contact points on objects like doorknobs, elevator buttons, light switches, and countertops are all high-risk areas for norovirus. When you touch a contaminated surface and place your fingers in your mouth, you risk introducing the virus into your body. This can happen whether you are eating, biting your nails, or simply rubbing your lips.-How to Prevent NorovirusBecause norovirus is highly contagious and resistant to many standard cleaning methods, taking active steps to prevent infection is essential. Maintaining good hygiene, practicing proper food handling, and thoroughly disinfecting can significantly reduce your risk of contracting the virus or spreading it to others.-Practice Proper Hand HygieneHandwashing is the most effective way to prevent norovirus infection. Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds, ensuring you scrub between fingers, around your nails, and on your wrists. Key times for handwashing include after using the toilet, in conjunction with diaper changes, cleaning up vomit, preparing or eating food, and handling medication. Hand sanitizers may reduce some germs but are not reliable against norovirus, so they should only be used alongside proper handwashing, not as a substitute.-Disinfect Surfaces FrequentlyNorovirus can survive on hard surfaces for long periods, making regular disinfection essential. You should clean and disinfect commonly touched items such as doorknobs, light switches, elevator buttons, and kitchen counters using a bleach-based cleaner or another disinfectant proven effective against norovirus. Pay special attention to areas in the kitchen and bathroom, especially if someone in the household is ill. It is recommended to clean any areas contaminated by vomit or diarrhoea immediately to prevent the virus from spreading.-Handling Food SafelyFoodborne outbreaks are a significant way norovirus spreads. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly under running water before eating or preparing them, even if they will be peeled. Cook shellfish, particularly oysters, to a proper internal temperature of above 63°C, as norovirus can survive undercooked seafood. Avoid preparing food for others if you are feeling unwell or have recently recovered, as you can still spread the virus for up to two weeks after symptoms subside.-Staying Ahead of NorovirusNorovirus is a common and potentially harmful virus, particularly when it spreads rapidly through communities, schools, or during group travel, as seen with the school tour to mainland China. It’s crucial to understand how the virus spreads and to recognise the early symptoms to prevent larger outbreaks. By taking everyday precautions, you can protect yourself and also help safeguard those around you. As travel and gatherings become more frequent, especially in the warmer months, staying vigilant against norovirus remains essential.-Blue Care Consultation ServicesBlue Care Medical Centres staffed with highly qualified family doctors provide family doctor consultation.-For appointment, please contact Blue Care Medical Centre.-Central clinic Tel : 2523 1808Address : 10/F, 33 Des Voeux Road Central, Central, Hong Kong(MTR Central Station Exit “B” or Hong Kong Station Exit “C”)-Kwun Tong clinic Tel : 2523 9383Address: Unit 2802, 28/F, BEA Tower, Millennium City 5, 418 Kwun Tong Road, Kowloon (MTR Kwun Tong Station Exit “A2”)-Sources:1.The Standard. (2025). Another 21 with gastroenteritis following mainland exchange tour. Retrieved from https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/article/230596/2.CDC. (2025). Norovirus Infection. Retrieved from https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/33.html3.Minnesota Department of Health. (2025). Norovirus Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/norovirus/noro.html4.CDC. (2025). Norovirus Outbreaks. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/outbreak-basics/

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) typically doesn’t make headlines in Hong Kong, but it doesn’t mean it has disappeared. According to local health data, 184 HFMD infections were recorded in September and October 2024 . As Hong Kong enters the May-to-July HFMD peak season, and with a potential second wave from October to December, it is essential to understand how the disease manifests, spreads, and can be managed.-What Is Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?Hand, foot and mouth disease is a contagious viral infection caused by viruses such as coxsackievirus and enterovirus 71 (EV71), which belong to a group of viruses called enteroviruses. The virus commonly affects children under five, but adults can also contract the disease. While generally considered mild, its high transmissibility makes it a public health concern, especially in settings where personal hygiene may not be strictly enforced. The disease is easily spread through schools and care homes, and can cause symptoms such as fever and others.-The Symptoms of Hand, Foot and Mouth DiseaseThe mild symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease typically last 7-10 days in children, with most individuals experiencing improvement on their own within the same period. These symptoms can vary, ranging from visible, blister-like rashes to cold-like symptoms and high-temperature fevers.-Blister-like RashesOne of the earliest and most recognizable signs of hand, foot and mouth disease is the sudden appearance of small red spots that often develop into fluid-filled blisters. These typically emerge on the tongue, gums, and inner cheeks, where they can cause significant discomfort, making it painful for children to eat or drink. Similar lesions may also form on the hands and feet, especially on the palms and soles. In some cases, the rash can appear on the buttocks or even in the genital area. It is important to note that not every patient will develop blisters in all of these areas; some children may only exhibit symptoms within the mouth without any visible rashes on the skin. While these blisters are generally not itchy, they can feel tender or sore to the touch, particularly on pressure points such as the soles of the feet, which can make walking uncomfortable.-High-temperature FeverIn the case of hand, foot, and mouth disease, patients, especially young children, typically develop a moderate to high fever, ranging from 38°c to 39°c. This fever may appear before any visible rashes or sores, making it easy to mistake the illness for a common cold or flu. While fever is a natural immune response, it can make children feel irritable, lethargic, or less interested in eating and drinking. In extremely rare cases, serious complications such as encephalitis (brain inflammation) or viral meningitis have been reported, particularly when the fever is unusually high and persistent, but these outcomes are very uncommon and should not cause alarm for most families.-Cold-like SymptomsBefore the rash appears, many children may exhibit cold-like symptoms, which can include a sore throat, runny nose, mild cough, or a noticeable decrease in appetite. These symptoms can easily be confused with those of a seasonal cold, making early detection of HFMD difficult, especially in crowded environments such as schools. Children may seem more tired than usual or refuse food due to mouth discomfort, even if no visible sores have developed yet. -Why is Hand-foot-mouth Disease So Prevalent in Schools and Care Homes?Hand, foot, and mouth disease spreads easily in schools and care homes, where close contact and crowded shared spaces are vulnerable to transmission. In these settings, children and elderly residents often spend extended periods together in communal areas, such as classrooms and dining halls, where the virus can easily pass from person to person. Many of these facilities also share items, such as toys, books, cutlery, and furniture, which can become reservoirs for infectious particles if not properly disinfected. -How to Treat Hand-foot-mouth DiseaseThere is no specific cure for hand, foot, and mouth disease, and antibiotics have no effect since the disease is caused by a virus. During the recovery period, which typically lasts around 7-10 days, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and keeping the patient comfortable. Staying well-hydrated is essential, especially for children who may avoid eating or drinking due to painful mouth sores. It's best to avoid acidic, spicy, or salty foods, as these can irritate mouth ulcers, while softer foods are advised to minimise pain when eating. For fever or general discomfort, over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen can be used to relieve symptoms. While most cases are mild, parents and caregivers should monitor symptoms closely and seek medical advice if signs of dehydration, prolonged high fever, or unusual drowsiness develop.-Preventing Hand-foot-mouth DiseaseDespite it being highly contagious, hand-foot-mouth disease is largely preventable through good hygiene and proper infection control. Handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds remains the most effective defense, particularly after changing diapers, using the toilet, or wiping a child’s nose. Parents and caregivers should also teach children how to wash their hands thoroughly, especially before meals or after outdoor play. -Avoid touching the face with unwashed hands, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth, as this is one of the most common ways the virus enters the body. In shared environments like homes, schools, and child care centers, frequently touched surfaces such as toys, doorknobs, and tabletops should be cleaned and disinfected regularly to reduce the chance of surface transmission. -Breaking the Chain of Hand-foot-mouth DiseaseWhile hand-foot-mouth disease may seem like a routine childhood illness, its ability to spread rapidly in community settings makes it a recurring concern. As we approach the first peak season of the year, awareness and timely action are essential for parents, caregivers, schools, and healthcare providers. Understanding the early signs, recognizing how the virus spreads, and responding with practical hygiene habits can go a long way in protecting not only children but also other vulnerable groups like the elderly.-Blue Care Consultation ServicesBlue Care Medical Centres staffed with highly qualified family doctors provide family doctor consultation.-For appointment, please contact Blue Care Medical Centre.-Central clinic Tel : 2523 1808Address : 10/F, 33 Des Voeux Road Central, Central, Hong Kong(MTR Central Station Exit “B” or Hong Kong Station Exit “C”)-Kwun Tong clinic Tel : 2523 9383Address: Unit 2802, 28/F, BEA Tower, Millennium City 5, 418 Kwun Tong Road, Kowloon (MTR Kwun Tong Station Exit “A2”)-Sources:1. The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Press Releases. (2024). Heightened vigilance is urged amid an increase in the activity of hand, foot, and mouth disease. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202410/09/P2024100900445.htm2. CDC. (2024). About Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/index.html3. Centre for Health Protection. (2024). Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/23.html4. NHS. (2024). Hand, foot and mouth disease. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hand-foot-mouth-disease/

Known for its fast-paced urban lifestyle, Hong Kong’s demanding work culture and long working hours make many citizens struggle to balance work and personal life. Sleep, exercise and proper nutrition often are neglected. Studies show that over 60% of employees in Hong Kong work an average of 44 hours per week , contributing to general fatigue, frequent insomnia, and stress-related health issues.- Around the world, only 5% of people are in optimal health, while approximately 20% have been diagnosed with diseases. The remaining 75% fall into a state called sub-health, a condition where individuals experience chronic discomfort without a clear medical diagnosis.- What is Sub-health?Sub-health is an intermediate state between being healthy and being ill. While individuals may not have a diagnosable disease, they experience persistent physical and mental discomfort. Doctors often find no clear medical condition, making it difficult to treat with conventional medicine. Sub-health can be classified by various classes of symptoms, ranging from persistent fatigue to digestive issues: Chronic fatigue: A constant tiredness that does not improve with rest. Poor sleep quality, lack of recovery, and deficiencies in key nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, and magnesium can further drain energy levels.Frequent insomnia: Caused by excessive stress and irregular sleep schedules, which leads to difficulty falling or staying asleep.Headaches and mental tension: Chronic stress tightens the muscles in the neck, shoulders, and scalp, while prolonged screen time causes eye strain, which can also trigger headaches.Digestive issues: Frequent consumption of fried, deep-fried foods causing an imbalance in gut bacteria, while eating irregularly leads to constipation or diarrhoea.-Causes of Sub-HealthSub-health is primarily driven by external factors, including daily lifestyle habits, work schedules, and urban living conditions.-Work StressWork-related stress is a leading cause of sub-health, especially in Hong Kong and other Asian countries, where long hours and intense workplace competition are the norm. A high-pressure environment can lead to excessive worrying and overthinking, which, according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), depletes vital energy (qi) and disrupts organ function. Individuals with yin-yang imbalances or insufficient qi and blood may struggle to cope, resulting in chronic fatigue, mental exhaustion, insomnia, and digestive issues.-Lack of Sleep Overworking often leads to chronic sleep deprivation, as many urban dwellers stay up late due to work demands, social obligations, or digital distractions. This irregular sleep pattern disrupts the body's internal clock, making it difficult to fall asleep and wake up at consistent times. Over time, the lack of rest weakens the immune system, leaving individuals more vulnerable to frequent colds and infections. Prolonged sleep deprivation also affects cognitive function, reducing mental clarity, slowing reaction times, and impairing concentration.- Lack of Physical ExerciseCitizens of Hong Kong often have packed daily schedules, which leaves little time for physical activity. A study revealed that 53.8% of Hong Kong adults failed to meet the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week . The demands of modern work culture keep many professionals confined to desks for extended hours, leading to poor posture, muscle stiffness, and sluggish blood circulation. A sedentary lifestyle weakens the immune system and also increases the risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Without regular movement, the body's energy flow, or qi, becomes stagnant, disrupting the yin-yang balance essential for overall well-being. - Exercise plays a crucial role in restoring this balance, helping to enhance metabolism, improve mood, and boost energy levels. Even small lifestyle changes such as taking daily walks, stretching during work breaks, or engaging in light physical activities can significantly improve physical and mental health.-Unhealthy Eating HabitsHong Kong offers abundant food options available at anyone’s convenience. Easy access options like deep-fried, oily, or overly sweet and processed foods lack the essential nutrients a person requires and harm digestive health. With most of the day at work, most Hong Kong citizens will resort to irregular eating habits, such as skipping meals, snacking throughout the day, or eating late at night, further burdening their digestive systems. Both irregular and unhealthy eating habits often lead to bloating and indigestion, while constipation or diarrhoea are also frequently seen, as there is a lack of fibre intake.-The Three Steps to Overcoming Sub-HealthAs sub-health has no direct diagnosis, it’s impossible to pinpoint how one could overcome sub-health accurately. Here are three general steps one could take to overcome the hidden problem.-Step 1: Prioritize SleepTry to aim for 7–8 hours of sleep each night to allow the body to repair itself and strengthen the immune system. Establish a consistent bedtime routine by avoiding late-night screen time and exposure to blue light. Both these suppress melatonin production and make it harder to fall asleep. Sleep environments are also crucial to a good night's rest. This can include keeping the room dark, quiet, and cool.-Step 2: Maintain a Balanced DietA balanced diet is critical in maintaining energy levels and preventing sub-health symptoms. Try to incorporate a variety of vegetables and fruits of at least five servings daily. This provides essential vitamins and antioxidants that support overall health. Select high-quality protein sources, such as lean meats, fish, and legumes, instead of processed meats filled with additives, which will help maintain muscle strength and metabolic function. Avoiding excessively fatty, sugary, and fried foods is equally important, as these foods contribute to sluggish digestion, energy crashes, and long-term metabolic imbalances.-Step 3: Managing Stress EffectivelyStress is inevitable, particularly in Hong Kong. How we manage it determines how far away we stray from sub-health. Regular exercise, yoga, or meditation are great ways to relieve tension, balance stress hormones, and boost mood. Picking up hobbies by yourself or with friends can maintain strong social connections, prevent burnout and provide emotional support. Deep breathing exercises can also help calm the nervous system, reduce anxiety, and promote relaxation.-Taking Control of Sub-HealthA growing concern in Hong Kong, sub-health is a condition that must not be underestimated. While not considered an illness, the symptoms of sub-health can significantly impact daily life. Individuals can reduce sub-health symptoms and restore balance by prioritising sleep, maintaining a balanced diet, and managing stress effectively. Simple lifestyle changes like regular exercise, healthy eating, and work-life balance can help overcome sub-health, improving overall health and well-being.-Regular Body Checks to reduce sub-HealthAt Blue Care, we offera diverse range of health screening packagestailored to meet the needs of individuals at different stages of life. Whether you are a male or female adult looking for a basic health assessment, a middle-aged professional seeking comprehensive screenings, or a senior requiring more specialized tests, our packages are designed to provide thorough evaluations for your unique health requirements. We also offer pre-employment, pre-marital and nutrition check-ups, providing holistic health screening options for you.-Click here-to read the check-up plan details.-The above article was commented by Chinese Medicine Practitioner Huang Yao.-Remarks:1. Long working hours in Hong Kong: what is the impact on your health?. (2022). April International. Available from: https://www.april-international.com/en/long-term-international-health-insurance/guide/long-working-hours-hong-kong-what-impact-your-health2. 告別亞健康向健康進發. (2025). Eu Yan Sang. https://hk.euyansangclinic.com/cn/articles-sub-health3. Findings of Territory-wide Physical Fitness Survey for the Community announced (with photos/video). (2023). HKSAR Press. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202306/16/P2023061600248.htm?fontSize=1 Releases.https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202306/16/P2023061600260.htm4. 亞健康是什麼？並不是沒有生病就代表「健康」，一起了解症狀與預防. (2024). Gene Health. https://www.genehealth.com.tw/knowledge/191

Warts can be frustrating, especially on visible areas like the face, hands, or feet. In Hong Kong’s hot and humid climate, frequent sweating and prolonged skin moisture may increase the risk of developing warts. Public spaces like locker rooms also make spreading the virus easier. Preventing and treating warts can help you manage them effectively and reduce their impact on daily life.-What Are Warts?Warts are benign, noncancerous growths that develop when HPV infects the outer layer of the skin. HPV is the primary cause of warts, but only a few of its 100+ strains lead to wart growth. They are among the most common viral skin conditions, affecting an estimated 10%of the global population. Some types of HPV cause warts on the hands and feet, while others are responsible for genital warts, which are sexually transmitted. Although warts are not medically serious, they can be bothersome. Depending on their size and location, they may cause discomfort, affect self-esteem, and even make everyday tasks such as walking or wearing shoes uncomfortable.-What Does a Wart Look Like? Warts vary in appearance depending on their type and location. Some are dome-shaped, while others are flat or rough with a bumpy texture. Certain types resemble small calluses or cauliflower-like clusters. They can be flesh-colored, white, pink, or slightly brown, blending with the skin's natural tone. Small black dots may sometimes appear on the wart’s surface as these are clotted blood vessels supplying nutrients. The size of warts can also vary, from a few milimeters to several centimeters in diameter.-Are Warts Contagious?HPV spreads readily through direct and indirect contact, so warts are considered highly contagious. The virus can pass from one person to another through skin-to-skin contact, such as handshakes or touching an infected area. It can also spread indirectly through shared objects, like razors, towels, gym equipment, or footwear. Even minor skin abrasions make it easier for HPV to enter the body, increasing the risk of developing warts. Public spaces like swimming pools provide ideal conditions for spreading the virus, especially when people walk barefoot on damp surfaces.-Where Do Warts Normally Appear?Warts can develop anywhere on the body but most commonly affect the hands, feet, and genital area. Each type has distinct characteristics that come with it, requiring different treatment and prevention strategies.-Hands and Fingers (Common Warts)Warts on the hands and fingers, also known as common warts, are frequently seen. These warts have a rough, grainy surface and often develop around the fingernails or joints, where the skin experiences regular pressure and movement. They can cause mild pain, especially when they grow near the nail bed, making simple activities like writing or typing uncomfortable. Common warts spread quickly through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, shared pens, or towels.-Treatment and Prevention of Common WartsOver-the-counter remedies like salicylic acid work by gradually peeling away infected skin layers. Cryotherapy is used for more persistent warts, in which liquid nitrogen freezes and destroys the wart. Laser therapy is another option.-Good hand hygiene is the first step to preventing common warts. Keeping hands clean and moisturized helps maintain a strong skin barrier, reducing the risk of HPV entering through small cuts or abrasions. Avoiding direct contact with infected surfaces, such as touching door handles with tissue, can also lower the chances of getting warts. If you already have warts, covering them with a bandage can prevent their unintentional spread to other parts of your body.-Foot Warts (Plantar Warts)Foot warts, also known as Plantar Warts, develop on the feet's soles, heels, or balls. Unlike common warts, which grow outward, plantar warts tend to grow inward due to the pressure from walking and standing. This can cause significant discomfort or pain, especially if the wart forms on a weight-bearing area.-Plantar warts are highly contagious and spread through direct contact with HPV, often in warm, moist environments. The virus thrives in public swimming pools, locker rooms, and communal showers. Walking barefoot in these areas increases the risk of infection, especially if the skin has minor cuts or abrasions. Because plantar warts can be stubborn and painful, early treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent them from spreading further.-Treatment and Prevention of Plantar WartsPlantar warts have treatment options similar to common warts, including salicylic acid to break down the wart tissue or cryotherapy to freeze and remove it. If they persist or cause significant discomfort, doctors may recommend other treatments, such as laser therapy or minor surgical removal.-Since plantar warts are commonly contracted in damp environments, prevention focuses on foot hygiene and protective measures. To help reduce the risk of infection, feet should be kept clean and thoroughly dried, especially between the toes. Walking barefoot in public areas such as swimming pools and locker rooms increases the likelihood of exposure to HPV, so wearing sandals or flip-flops in these spaces is essential. It’s also advised not to share footwear, socks, or towels.-Genital WartsGenital warts are a type of skin infection that appears on or around the genitals and anal area. They are primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Unlike common warts, genital warts tend to be softer and flesh-colored, sometimes forming clusters that resemble small cauliflower-like growths.- Symptoms may appear anywhere from two weeks to eight months after exposure to the virus. In men, genital warts often develop as small, painless lumps on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. In women, they typically form on the vulva, inside the vagina, or around the cervix, sometimes causing itching or mild discomfort. While genital warts are not life-threatening, they can be persistent and may require medical treatment to remove.--Treatment and Prevention of Genital WartsUnlike other types of warts, genital warts generally require medical attention. While they cannot be permanently cured, treatments can help remove visible growths and manage symptoms. Doctors may recommend cryotherapy or electrocautery, which involves burning off the warts with an electrical current. Prescription creams stimulate the immune system and help the body fight the virus.-Preventing genital warts can start with practicing safer sex. Using condoms consistently and properly can reduce but not eliminate the risk of HPV transmission. Only having one sexual partner who is not infected and who is only having sex with you will drastically reduce the probability of contracting genital warts. It’s essential to receive the HPV vaccination to prevent genital warts and also cervical cancer. Keeping the genital area clean and avoiding scented soaps or bath oils can prevent irritation and further discomfort.-Say Goodbye to WartsEffective Prevention and TreatmentWarts are a common yet frustrating skin condition that can affect daily life. While not life-threatening, they are contagious and can persist for months or even years without treatment. Taking proactive steps to protect your skin, maintain good hygiene, and seek treatment when necessary can help keep warts under control. Whether you have common warts on your hands, plantar warts on your feet, or genital warts, understanding the causes and treatment options can make managing this condition much easier.-Remarks:1. Warts. (2024). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15045-warts2. Visual Guide to Warts. (2023). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-warts3. Common warts. (2024). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-203711314. Men's Health Line - Genital Wart (2022). Centre for Health Protection. Available from: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80039.html

Digestive health is crucial to our overall well-being, yet many gastrointestinal (GI) issues can remain undiagnosed until symptoms significantly worsen. This delayed diagnosis often leads to more complex treatments and poorer outcomes. Advanced visualization techniques like Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy allow medical professionals to examine the digestive tract directly. These procedures serve as diagnostic tools for the early detection of various GI conditions, from inflammation and ulcers to polyps and cancer.-What is an Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD)?Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD), also known as gastroscopy or endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure examining the upper digestive tract. This examination includes the esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). The procedure is performed by a specialized medical professional called an endoscopist.-During an OGD procedure, the endoscopist uses an endoscope—a thin, flexible tube approximately 9-12mm in diameter—which is carefully passed through the mouth and guided down into the stomach and duodenum. The endoscope is equipped with a high-definition camera and light source at its tip, which transmits clear, detailed images to a monitor in real time. This allows the endoscopist to thoroughly inspect the lining of the upper GI tract for any abnormalities.-Persistent upper abdominal painDifficulty swallowing (dysphagia)Frequent heartburn or acid refluxUnexplained weight lossPersistent nausea or vomitingIron deficiency anemiaBlack or tarry stools (indicating potential bleeding in the upper GI tract)-The endoscopy procedure enables visual examination and allows for tissue sampling (biopsy) if suspicious areas are identified, making it a critical diagnostic tool for conditions like gastritis, stomach ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, and even early-stage stomach cancer.-When Should You Get an OGD?An OGD is typically recommended when patients are faced with specific symptoms that might indicate upper digestive tract issues.-These symptoms include:Persistent upper abdominal painDifficulty swallowing (dysphagia)Frequent heartburn or acid refluxUnexplained weight lossPersistent nausea or vomitingIron deficiency anemiaBlack or tarry stools (indicating potential bleeding in the upper GI tract)-The endoscopy procedure enables visual examination and allows for tissue sampling (biopsy) if suspicious areas are identified, making it a critical diagnostic tool for conditions like gastritis, stomach ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, and even early-stage stomach cancer.-What is a Colonoscopy?A colonoscopy is a comprehensive examination of the inside of the large intestine, including the colon, rectum, and anus. This procedure uses a colonoscope—similar to the instrument used in an OGD but longer—to visualize the entire length of the large bowel.-During a colonoscopy, the doctor searches for changes in the large intestine and rectum that could indicate health problems. These changes include swollen or irritated tissues, polyps (abnormal growths that can become cancerous), or signs of colorectal cancer. The high-resolution camera on the colonoscope allows for a detailed examination of the intestinal lining. At the same time, specialized tools can be passed through the scope to remove polyps or take tissue samples for further analysis.-When Should You Get a Colonoscopy?Colonoscopy examinations are recommended based on a comprehensive assessment of risk factors, symptoms, and evidence-based screening guidelines.-Screening for colorectal cancer, especially for individuals over 50 or those with family historyInvestigating causes of abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or chronic diarrheaDiagnosing inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitisExploring unexplained changes in bowel habitsFollowing up on abnormal results from other tests, such as blood tests or imaging studiesTreating certain conditions, such as removing polyps or stopping intestinal bleeding-What is the Difference Between OGD and Colonoscopy?OGD and colonoscopic procedures both examine the digestive tract, but they differ in certain key aspects, from preparation requirements to recovery processes:-Area ExaminedOGD: Focuses on the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum)Colonoscopy: Examines the lower GI tract (colon, rectum, and anus)-OGDColonoscopy·Fasting for 6-8 hours before the procedure·Typically no laxatives are required·May need to stop certain medications like blood thinners temporarily·Thorough bowel preparation beginning the day before·Clear liquid diet for 24-48 hours prior·Strong laxatives to completely clean the colon·Specific dietary restrictions starting several days before-Sedation and Procedure DurationOGDColonoscopy· Often involves lighter sedation or a local anesthetic spray for the throat· Procedure typically lasts 10-15 minutes· Moderate sedation is usually standard - deeper sedation often preferred for patient comfort· Procedure typically lasts 30-60 minutes-Recovery ProcessOGDColonoscopy· Recovery within an hour·Common to experience mild throat discomfort or soreness·Usually able to eat within an hour after the procedure ·Longer recovery due to heavier sedation·Common to experience temporary bloating and gas·Possible minor bleeding if polyps are removed-Potential Findings During ProcedureOGDColonoscopy·Possible to detect esophagitis, gastritis, ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, hiatal hernias, and upper GI cancers·Possible to identify polyps, colorectal cancer, diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and hemorrhoids- Can OGD and Colonoscopy Be Performed Together?It’s possible to undergo an OGD and colonoscopy in a single session.This combined approach, sometimes called a bidirectional endoscopy or "both upper and lower endoscopy," comprehensively evaluates the entire GI tract in one visit. The combined procedure benefits patients with symptoms that could originate from either the upper or lower digestive tract or those with a family history of multiple GI conditions. Having both procedures performed together saves time, reduces costs, and requires only one session of sedation.-The specialist will perform the OGD first during the combined procedure, followed by the colonoscopy. This ordering minimizes the risk of aspiration and provides a logical sequence for examining the digestive system. The combined procedure usually takes 45-90 minutes, depending on findings and any therapeutic interventions needed.-Preparation for a Combined OGD and Colonscopy ProcedureThe preparation for a combined endoscopy procedure follows the more stringent requirements of the colonoscopy, including:-Complete bowel cleansing with an oral laxative (bowel prep)Fasting from solid foods for at least 24 hours before the procedureDrinking only clear liquids until about 8 hours before the procedureTemporarily discontinuing certain medications like blood thinners, iron supplements, and constipating agents approximately one week before the procedure-Preventive Gastroenterology: The Impact of Early DetectionOGD and colonoscopy represent the strong pillars of modern gastroenterology. These procedures allow medical specialists to visualize, diagnose, and treat various conditions through the digestive tract. Performed separately or combined in a single session, OG and colonoscopy are key procedures that can offer critical insights leading to early intervention, potential prevention, and improved health outcomes. These procedures are significant for the ageing Hong Kong population and those with family histories of digestive disorders.-Remarks:1. Source : 通波仔 究竟要放幾多支架？. (2023). Care for your Heart. https://www.careheart.org.hk/?p=28165#:~:text=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A6%E6%82%A3%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%A0%E5%BF%83%E7%97%85,%E7%8E%87%E4%BA%A6%E4%BD%8E%E6%96%BC10%25%E3%80%822. Source : Cardiac Catheterization. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16832-cardiac-catheterization3. Source : Coronary angiogram. (2023). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-203849044. Source : Angioplasty. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22060-angioplasty