Warts can be frustrating, especially on visible areas like the face, hands, or feet. In Hong Kong’s hot and humid climate, frequent sweating and prolonged skin moisture may increase the risk of developing warts. Public spaces like locker rooms also make spreading the virus easier. Preventing and treating warts can help you manage them effectively and reduce their impact on daily life.-What Are Warts?Warts are benign, noncancerous growths that develop when HPV infects the outer layer of the skin. HPV is the primary cause of warts, but only a few of its 100+ strains lead to wart growth. They are among the most common viral skin conditions, affecting an estimated 10%of the global population. Some types of HPV cause warts on the hands and feet, while others are responsible for genital warts, which are sexually transmitted. Although warts are not medically serious, they can be bothersome. Depending on their size and location, they may cause discomfort, affect self-esteem, and even make everyday tasks such as walking or wearing shoes uncomfortable.-What Does a Wart Look Like? Warts vary in appearance depending on their type and location. Some are dome-shaped, while others are flat or rough with a bumpy texture. Certain types resemble small calluses or cauliflower-like clusters. They can be flesh-colored, white, pink, or slightly brown, blending with the skin's natural tone. Small black dots may sometimes appear on the wart’s surface as these are clotted blood vessels supplying nutrients. The size of warts can also vary, from a few milimeters to several centimeters in diameter.-Are Warts Contagious?HPV spreads readily through direct and indirect contact, so warts are considered highly contagious. The virus can pass from one person to another through skin-to-skin contact, such as handshakes or touching an infected area. It can also spread indirectly through shared objects, like razors, towels, gym equipment, or footwear. Even minor skin abrasions make it easier for HPV to enter the body, increasing the risk of developing warts. Public spaces like swimming pools provide ideal conditions for spreading the virus, especially when people walk barefoot on damp surfaces.-Where Do Warts Normally Appear?Warts can develop anywhere on the body but most commonly affect the hands, feet, and genital area. Each type has distinct characteristics that come with it, requiring different treatment and prevention strategies.-Hands and Fingers (Common Warts)Warts on the hands and fingers, also known as common warts, are frequently seen. These warts have a rough, grainy surface and often develop around the fingernails or joints, where the skin experiences regular pressure and movement. They can cause mild pain, especially when they grow near the nail bed, making simple activities like writing or typing uncomfortable. Common warts spread quickly through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, shared pens, or towels.-Treatment and Prevention of Common WartsOver-the-counter remedies like salicylic acid work by gradually peeling away infected skin layers. Cryotherapy is used for more persistent warts, in which liquid nitrogen freezes and destroys the wart. Laser therapy is another option.-Good hand hygiene is the first step to preventing common warts. Keeping hands clean and moisturized helps maintain a strong skin barrier, reducing the risk of HPV entering through small cuts or abrasions. Avoiding direct contact with infected surfaces, such as touching door handles with tissue, can also lower the chances of getting warts. If you already have warts, covering them with a bandage can prevent their unintentional spread to other parts of your body.-Foot Warts (Plantar Warts)Foot warts, also known as Plantar Warts, develop on the feet's soles, heels, or balls. Unlike common warts, which grow outward, plantar warts tend to grow inward due to the pressure from walking and standing. This can cause significant discomfort or pain, especially if the wart forms on a weight-bearing area.-Plantar warts are highly contagious and spread through direct contact with HPV, often in warm, moist environments. The virus thrives in public swimming pools, locker rooms, and communal showers. Walking barefoot in these areas increases the risk of infection, especially if the skin has minor cuts or abrasions. Because plantar warts can be stubborn and painful, early treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent them from spreading further.-Treatment and Prevention of Plantar WartsPlantar warts have treatment options similar to common warts, including salicylic acid to break down the wart tissue or cryotherapy to freeze and remove it. If they persist or cause significant discomfort, doctors may recommend other treatments, such as laser therapy or minor surgical removal.-Since plantar warts are commonly contracted in damp environments, prevention focuses on foot hygiene and protective measures. To help reduce the risk of infection, feet should be kept clean and thoroughly dried, especially between the toes. Walking barefoot in public areas such as swimming pools and locker rooms increases the likelihood of exposure to HPV, so wearing sandals or flip-flops in these spaces is essential. It’s also advised not to share footwear, socks, or towels.-Genital WartsGenital warts are a type of skin infection that appears on or around the genitals and anal area. They are primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Unlike common warts, genital warts tend to be softer and flesh-colored, sometimes forming clusters that resemble small cauliflower-like growths.- Symptoms may appear anywhere from two weeks to eight months after exposure to the virus. In men, genital warts often develop as small, painless lumps on the penis, scrotum, or around the anus. In women, they typically form on the vulva, inside the vagina, or around the cervix, sometimes causing itching or mild discomfort. While genital warts are not life-threatening, they can be persistent and may require medical treatment to remove.--Treatment and Prevention of Genital WartsUnlike other types of warts, genital warts generally require medical attention. While they cannot be permanently cured, treatments can help remove visible growths and manage symptoms. Doctors may recommend cryotherapy or electrocautery, which involves burning off the warts with an electrical current. Prescription creams stimulate the immune system and help the body fight the virus.-Preventing genital warts can start with practicing safer sex. Using condoms consistently and properly can reduce but not eliminate the risk of HPV transmission. Only having one sexual partner who is not infected and who is only having sex with you will drastically reduce the probability of contracting genital warts. It’s essential to receive the HPV vaccination to prevent genital warts and also cervical cancer. Keeping the genital area clean and avoiding scented soaps or bath oils can prevent irritation and further discomfort.-Say Goodbye to WartsEffective Prevention and TreatmentWarts are a common yet frustrating skin condition that can affect daily life. While not life-threatening, they are contagious and can persist for months or even years without treatment. Taking proactive steps to protect your skin, maintain good hygiene, and seek treatment when necessary can help keep warts under control. Whether you have common warts on your hands, plantar warts on your feet, or genital warts, understanding the causes and treatment options can make managing this condition much easier.-Remarks:1. Source : Warts. (2024). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15045-warts2. Visual Guide to Warts. (2023). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-warts3. Common warts. (2024). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-203711314. Men's Health Line - Genital Wart (2022). Centre for Health Protection. Available from: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80039.html

Digestive health is crucial to our overall well-being, yet many gastrointestinal (GI) issues can remain undiagnosed until symptoms significantly worsen. This delayed diagnosis often leads to more complex treatments and poorer outcomes. Advanced visualization techniques like Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy allow medical professionals to examine the digestive tract directly. These procedures serve as diagnostic tools for the early detection of various GI conditions, from inflammation and ulcers to polyps and cancer.-What is an Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD)?Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD), also known as gastroscopy or endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure examining the upper digestive tract. This examination includes the esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). The procedure is performed by a specialized medical professional called an endoscopist.-During an OGD procedure, the endoscopist uses an endoscope—a thin, flexible tube approximately 9-12mm in diameter—which is carefully passed through the mouth and guided down into the stomach and duodenum. The endoscope is equipped with a high-definition camera and light source at its tip, which transmits clear, detailed images to a monitor in real time. This allows the endoscopist to thoroughly inspect the lining of the upper GI tract for any abnormalities.-Persistent upper abdominal painDifficulty swallowing (dysphagia)Frequent heartburn or acid refluxUnexplained weight lossPersistent nausea or vomitingIron deficiency anemiaBlack or tarry stools (indicating potential bleeding in the upper GI tract)-The endoscopy procedure enables visual examination and allows for tissue sampling (biopsy) if suspicious areas are identified, making it a critical diagnostic tool for conditions like gastritis, stomach ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, and even early-stage stomach cancer.-When Should You Get an OGD?An OGD is typically recommended when patients are faced with specific symptoms that might indicate upper digestive tract issues.-These symptoms include:Persistent upper abdominal painDifficulty swallowing (dysphagia)Frequent heartburn or acid refluxUnexplained weight lossPersistent nausea or vomitingIron deficiency anemiaBlack or tarry stools (indicating potential bleeding in the upper GI tract)-The endoscopy procedure enables visual examination and allows for tissue sampling (biopsy) if suspicious areas are identified, making it a critical diagnostic tool for conditions like gastritis, stomach ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, and even early-stage stomach cancer.-What is a Colonoscopy?A colonoscopy is a comprehensive examination of the inside of the large intestine, including the colon, rectum, and anus. This procedure uses a colonoscope—similar to the instrument used in an OGD but longer—to visualize the entire length of the large bowel.-During a colonoscopy, the doctor searches for changes in the large intestine and rectum that could indicate health problems. These changes include swollen or irritated tissues, polyps (abnormal growths that can become cancerous), or signs of colorectal cancer. The high-resolution camera on the colonoscope allows for a detailed examination of the intestinal lining. At the same time, specialized tools can be passed through the scope to remove polyps or take tissue samples for further analysis.-When Should You Get a Colonoscopy?Colonoscopy examinations are recommended based on a comprehensive assessment of risk factors, symptoms, and evidence-based screening guidelines.-Screening for colorectal cancer, especially for individuals over 50 or those with family historyInvestigating causes of abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or chronic diarrheaDiagnosing inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitisExploring unexplained changes in bowel habitsFollowing up on abnormal results from other tests, such as blood tests or imaging studiesTreating certain conditions, such as removing polyps or stopping intestinal bleeding-What is the Difference Between OGD and Colonoscopy?OGD and colonoscopic procedures both examine the digestive tract, but they differ in certain key aspects, from preparation requirements to recovery processes:-Area ExaminedOGD: Focuses on the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum)Colonoscopy: Examines the lower GI tract (colon, rectum, and anus)-OGDColonoscopy·Fasting for 6-8 hours before the procedure·Typically no laxatives are required·May need to stop certain medications like blood thinners temporarily·Thorough bowel preparation beginning the day before·Clear liquid diet for 24-48 hours prior·Strong laxatives to completely clean the colon·Specific dietary restrictions starting several days before-Sedation and Procedure DurationOGDColonoscopy· Often involves lighter sedation or a local anesthetic spray for the throat· Procedure typically lasts 10-15 minutes· Moderate sedation is usually standard - deeper sedation often preferred for patient comfort· Procedure typically lasts 30-60 minutes-Recovery ProcessOGDColonoscopy· Recovery within an hour·Common to experience mild throat discomfort or soreness·Usually able to eat within an hour after the procedure ·Longer recovery due to heavier sedation·Common to experience temporary bloating and gas·Possible minor bleeding if polyps are removed-Potential Findings During ProcedureOGDColonoscopy·Possible to detect esophagitis, gastritis, ulcers, Barrett's esophagus, hiatal hernias, and upper GI cancers·Possible to identify polyps, colorectal cancer, diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and hemorrhoids- Can OGD and Colonoscopy Be Performed Together?It’s possible to undergo an OGD and colonoscopy in a single session.This combined approach, sometimes called a bidirectional endoscopy or "both upper and lower endoscopy," comprehensively evaluates the entire GI tract in one visit. The combined procedure benefits patients with symptoms that could originate from either the upper or lower digestive tract or those with a family history of multiple GI conditions. Having both procedures performed together saves time, reduces costs, and requires only one session of sedation.-The specialist will perform the OGD first during the combined procedure, followed by the colonoscopy. This ordering minimizes the risk of aspiration and provides a logical sequence for examining the digestive system. The combined procedure usually takes 45-90 minutes, depending on findings and any therapeutic interventions needed.-Preparation for a Combined OGD and Colonscopy ProcedureThe preparation for a combined endoscopy procedure follows the more stringent requirements of the colonoscopy, including:-Complete bowel cleansing with an oral laxative (bowel prep)Fasting from solid foods for at least 24 hours before the procedureDrinking only clear liquids until about 8 hours before the procedureTemporarily discontinuing certain medications like blood thinners, iron supplements, and constipating agents approximately one week before the procedure-Preventive Gastroenterology: The Impact of Early DetectionOGD and colonoscopy represent the strong pillars of modern gastroenterology. These procedures allow medical specialists to visualize, diagnose, and treat various conditions through the digestive tract. Performed separately or combined in a single session, OG and colonoscopy are key procedures that can offer critical insights leading to early intervention, potential prevention, and improved health outcomes. These procedures are significant for the ageing Hong Kong population and those with family histories of digestive disorders.-Remarks:1. Source : 通波仔 究竟要放幾多支架？. (2023). Care for your Heart. https://www.careheart.org.hk/?p=28165#:~:text=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A6%E6%82%A3%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%A0%E5%BF%83%E7%97%85,%E7%8E%87%E4%BA%A6%E4%BD%8E%E6%96%BC10%25%E3%80%822. Source : Cardiac Catheterization. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16832-cardiac-catheterization3. Source : Coronary angiogram. (2023). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-203849044. Source : Angioplasty. (2025). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22060-angioplasty

Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and prone to fractures. It develops gradually, often without noticeable symptoms, until a fracture occurs. As bone density decreases, mild stresses like bending or minor falls can lead to serious injuries. The most affected areas are the spine, hip, and wrist, which are critical for mobility and balance.-This condition occurs when the body loses more bone mass than it can replace, leading to porous and brittle bones. While osteoporosis can affect anyone, it is most common among older adults, particularly postmenopausal women. However, the right lifestyle choices, diet, and preventive measures can slow bone loss and maintain strong, healthy bones.-What is Osteoporosis?Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease where bones lose their density over time. In a healthy person, bones go through a continuous cycle of breakdown and renewal, ensuring that lost bone is replaced with new tissue. However, osteoporosis disrupts this balance, causing more bone loss than formation. As a net result, there are weaker bones, which become brittle and more prone to fractures.-Osteoporosis causes fractures in the hip, spine, and wrist, which are crucial for stability and movement. In severe cases, even simple movements such as bending over or minor falls can cause fractures. Since osteoporosis progresses without symptoms in its early stages, many people do not realize they have the condition until a bone breaks.-Who Does Osteoporosis Affect?In general, osteoporosis can affect anyone, but some individuals are more at risk than others. Women who are at the postmenopausal stage are at the highest risk due to the sharp decline in estrogen, a female hormone essential for maintaining bone density. Studies have also shown that osteoporosis is more common in Caucasian and Asian women , particularly those who are one to two years past menopause.-While osteoporosis is more prevalent in older women, men can also develop the condition. Aging naturally reduces bone density, making older adults in general more vulnerable. Those with a family history of osteoporosis, poor dietary habits, or a sedentary lifestyle are also at greater risk.-Symptoms of OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is often called a “silent disease” because it develops without any apparent symptoms. Many people are unaware they have it until they experience a fracture. However, there are subtle signs that may indicate weakening bones.-One early sign of osteoporosis is an unexpected bone fracture from a minor fall or simple movements like twisting, bending, or lifting a light object. These movements typically don’t cause much harm to healthy bones. As the disease progresses and worsens, a gradual loss of height may become noticeable due to weakened vertebrae collapsing, resulting in a shorter stature over time.-Patients might also notice postural changes, such as a stooped or hunched back, develop as the spinal bones become too fragile to maintain proper alignment, leading to kyphosis(a forward-leaning posture). This curvature can affect appearance and cause chronic back pain. In more severe cases, spinal compression reduces lung capacity, resulting in shortness of breath and decreased endurance, making daily activities more challenging.-Osteopenia vs OsteoporosisOsteopenia and osteoporosis both involve a decline in bone density but differ in severity.-Osteopenia occurs when bone mineral density is lower than average for a person’s age but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. At this stage, bones are weaker than usual but are not fragile enough to break easily. Without intervention, osteopenia can progress to osteoporosis over time.-One way to understand osteopenia is by comparing bone structure to a honeycomb. In healthy bones, the holes in this structure are small and compact. In osteopenia, the holes begin to enlarge, weakening the overall structure. Osteoporosis takes this process further, making the holes even larger, significantly increasing the risk of fractures.-The Osteoporosis Diet: What to EatA well-balanced, bone-friendly diet prevents osteoporosis and slows bone loss. Consuming adequate calcium, vitamin D, and other essential nutrients that support bone regeneration and density is the key to maintaining strong bones.-Dairy Products: A Reliable Source of Calcium and Vitamin DMilk, cheese and yogurt are among the best sources of calcium, a mineral that forms the structural component of bones. Calcium is continuously lost through natural processes, so replenishing it daily is essential to prevent bone thinning. Vitamin D, also found in fortified dairy products, aids calcium absorption, ensuring the body can effectively utilize it to strengthen bones. Without enough vitamin D, calcium absorption becomes less effective, increasing the risk of fractures.-Leafy Green Vegetables: Rich in Calcium and MagnesiumSpinach, cabbage, and broccoli provide plant-based calcium and magnesium, both essential for bone health. Magnesium plays a crucial role in converting vitamin D into its active form, which helps the body absorb calcium efficiently. Unlike dairy, leafy greens also contain antioxidants that reduce inflammation linked to bone deterioration. Consuming a variety of greens ensures that the body gets the minerals needed to maintain bone structure and density.-Soy-Based Foods: Calcium-Rich Dairy AlternativesTofu, edamame, soy milk, and tempeh are excellent sources of plant-based calcium and protein, making them ideal for those who are lactose intolerant or prefer non-dairy options. Protein is essential for bone repair, and muscle strength is critical in reducing fall-related fractures. Additionally, soy contains isoflavones, plant compounds linked to improving bone mineral density, especially in postmenopausal women.-Foods to Avoid for Osteoporosis PreventionWhile some foods help strengthen bones, others can accelerate bone loss, weaken bone structure, and increase the risk of fractures. Certain dietary habits can interfere with calcium absorption, deplete essential minerals, and promote inflammation, all contributing to osteoporosis progression. Being mindful of the foods that negatively impact bone health can help preserve bone density and reduce fracture risk.-High-Sodium Foods: Calcium Depletion through UrineProcessed foods, fast food, canned soups, and salty snacks contain excess sodium, which forces the body to excrete more calcium through urine. Since calcium is essential for bone strength, excessive sodium intake depletes calcium reserves, weakening bones. A high-sodium diet has been linked to lower bone mineral density, increasing the likelihood of fractures. -Sugary Foods and Sodas: Reduced Calcium Absorption and InflammationRefined sugars in sodas, candy, pastries, and processed snacks negatively impact bone health. High sugar consumption inhibits calcium absorption in the intestines, depriving bones of this critical nutrient. Additionally, sugar promotes chronic inflammation, which is linked to faster bone deterioration. Carbonated sodas, particularly those containing phosphoric acid, can interfere with bone metabolism, leading to a loss of bone density over time.-Stronger Bones for a Healthier LifeOsteoporosis is a silent yet serious condition that often goes unnoticed until a fracture occurs. As bones become weaker and more fragile, everyday movements and minor accidents can lead to significant fractures, affecting mobility and overall quality of life. While osteoporosis primarily affects postmenopausal women and older adults, it can impact anyone, making early prevention and lifestyle adjustments essential.-That’s why a proactive approach to bone health can significantly improve the management and prevention of osteoporosis. Nutrition plays a crucial role, with calcium-rich foods helping to strengthen bones, while excessive sodium, sugar, and caffeine can accelerate bone loss.-Regular CheckBlue Care offers Bone Health Risk Screening to assess the risk of osteoporosis, evaluate the health of bones and understand your physical condition. Click here-for check-up plan details.-Remarks:1. Source : Osteoporosisg. (2024) Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-203519682. Source : What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis? (2021) Medical News Today. (2021) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/osteopenia-vs-osteoporosis3. Source : Osteoporosis. (2025).https://www.elderly.gov.hk/english/health_information/bones_and_joints/osteoporosis.html

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Eye health represents a critical component of overall well-being, yet it often receives attention only when problems arise. Among eye conditions, cataracts significantly impact quality of life, particularly for older adults. In Hong Kong, cataracts affect approximately 7% of seniors, with a concerning trend of younger patients now developing this condition. The prevalence of cataract cases has increased dramatically, with numbers rising from 600,000 in 2020 to a projected 900,000 by 2025, representing a compound annual growth rate of 6.9%. This substantial increase underscores the importance of understanding cataract development, symptoms, and treatment options available in Hong Kong's healthcare system.-What are Cataracts?A cataract is a cloudy or opaque area that develops in the lens of the eye. The lens, positioned behind the iris (the colored part of the eye), plays a key role in focusing light onto the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.-The development of cataracts typically begins around age 40, when proteins within the lens start to break down and clump together. The protein clumps create cloudy areas that gradually expand and thicken over time. As cataracts progress, the lens becomes increasingly opaque and may develop a yellowish or brownish tint, reducing visual clarity and possibly affecting color perception.-Cataract Treatment Options by Stage of SeverityThe approach to cataract treatment depends significantly on the stage and severity of the condition. In the earliest stages, non-surgical interventions can effectively manage symptoms. As cataracts progress, it’s important to know that surgery is the only definitive treatment, as no medication or therapy can reverse the protein clumping in the lens.-Very Early Stage Cataract TreatmentWhen cataracts are in the early stages of development, surgery is not immediately required. During this phase, symptom management like updating prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses can compensate for early visual changes caused by cataracts. Patients can consider anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses to help reduce light scattering and improve contrast, which is particularly beneficial for driving at night.-Moderate Stage Cataract TreatmentWhen cataracts worsen to interfere with daily activities, surgical treatment becomes appropriate. Phacoemulsification represents the standard in modern cataract surgery and is the most commonly performed procedure in Hong Kong.-Phacoemulsification is a minimally invasive procedure that begins with a micro-incision (typically less than 2.8mm) in the cornea. Through this tiny opening, the surgeon inserts an ultrasonic probe that emits high-frequency sound waves to break the clouded lens into smaller fragments, which are then gently suctioned from the eye. After removing the natural lens, the surgeon implants a folded intraocular lens (IOL) through the same small incision, replacing the original lens. Once positioned within the lens capsule, the IOL unfolds to its full size. -There are various IOLs patients can choose from based on their needs and lifestyle:-IOL TypeVision DistanceAstigmatism CorrectionNeed for Glasses?Additional NotesMonofocalOne fixed distance (Near, Intermediate, or Far)NoMay require glasses for presbyopia or astigmatismMost common and affordable optionMonofocal ToricYesMay require glasses for presbyopiaRecommended for patients with astigmatismMultifocalMultiple distances (Near, Intermediate, and Far)NoLess dependent on glasses for presbyopiaPatients may notice halos around lights at nightMultifocal ToricYesLess dependent on glassesBest for patients with astigmatism who want a full range of vision-The entire phacoemulsification procedure typically takes 20-30 minutes per eye, with most patients experiencing minimal discomfort. Recovery involves using prescribed eye drops for several weeks to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. Most patients notice improved vision within days, though complete healing may take 4-6 weeks.-Advanced or Mature Cataract TreatmentsAs cataracts continuously worsen without medical intervention, the protein in the lens becomes dense and hard, making phacoemulsification unsuitable as a treatment option. Manual Small-Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) provides an alternative approach at this stage. This procedure requires a slightly larger incision (5-7mm) in the cornea or sclera than phacoemulsification. Through this opening, the surgeon removes the entire hardened cataract in one piece rather than fragmenting it. As with phacoemulsification, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted to replace the removed natural lens.-Recovery from MSICS typically takes longer than phacoemulsification due to the larger incision, with patients requiring additional healing time before resuming normal activities. Despite the longer recovery time, MSICS offers excellent outcomes for advanced cataracts that would be challenging to treat with ultrasonic fragmentation.-Costs & Insurance Coverage for Cataract Surgery in HKThe financial aspects of cataract surgery in Hong Kong vary significantly between the public and private healthcare systems. Before surgery, specialized measurements called IOL calculations must be performed to determine the correct power for the artificial lens. These preoperative assessments typically cost between HK$1,000 and 1,500 in private settings. In Hong Kong's private healthcare clinics, the total cost of cataract surgery can range from HK$15,000 to HK$35,000 per eye, depending on the surgeon's experience, facility fees, and the type of intraocular lens selected. Premium options like multifocal or toric IOLs substantially increase costs but may reduce long-term expenses for glasses or contact lenses.-The Hospital Authority offers lower-cost elective cataract surgery, typically costing between HK$800 and HK$1,200 per eye. Opting for treatment with the public healthcare system will come with significant wait times, with about 69,000 elderly persons currently awaiting cataract surgery in the public system. Wait times are now extending up to four years at some facilities across Hong Kong.-Cataract Care in HK: Navigating Treatment OptionsAs cataracts continue to be a growing health concern in Hong Kong, understanding the different treatment options is crucial amongst the general population. While early-stage cataracts can be managed with prescription glasses and lifestyle adjustments, surgery remains the only effective treatment for advanced cases. Phacoemulsification is the standard procedure for most patients, being a highly effective solution, while Manual Small-Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) provides an alternative for severe cases. Understanding cataract treatment options in Hong Kong is essential to empower individuals to make informed decisions for their eye health, ensuring clearer vision and an improved quality of life.-備註:-1. Source : Industry overview. (2022). HKEX. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2022/0218/10124491/sehk21110901295.pdf2. Source : Causes of Cataracts. (2022). National Eye Institute.https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts/causes-cataracts3. Source : Cataract surgeries. (2024). The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Press Releases. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202411/20/P2024112000463.htm?fontSize=14. Source : Phacoemulsification. (2022). https://www.hkah.org.hk/storage/media/Brochure/A31990-HKAK%20Phacoemulsification%20Leaflet_02%20Web.pdf

Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema that occurs when the skin reacts to direct contact with certain substances. It manifests as an itchy, red, and inflamed rash triggered by irritants or allergens in everyday items such as soaps, cleaning products, cosmetics, and metals.-From May to September in Hong Kong, the average monthly rainfall totals up to 250mm , leading to highly humid environments. The high humidity and warm temperatures in Hong Kong can worsen contact dermatitis symptoms, making flare-ups more uncomfortable and potentially prolonging recovery. That’s why it’s important to identify triggers early, manage symptoms effectively, and take preventive measures to protect the skin from further irritation.-What is Contact Dermatitis?Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema that occurs when the skin reacts to a substance, leading to inflammation and irritation. These triggering substances can be categorized as irritants or allergens. -Eczema, as a broader term, refers to various conditions that cause dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. Contact dermatitis is unique because it is triggered by external exposure or an internal immune reaction. The severity of the reaction depends on skin sensitivity, duration of exposure, and the strength of the irritant or allergen. One of the key characteristics of contact dermatitis is that it improves when the triggering substance is identified and avoided. While some cases resolve quickly, persistent exposure can lead to chronic irritation, discomfort, and recurrent flare-ups.-The Two Types of Contact Dermatitis-Irritant Contact DermatitisIrritant contact dermatitisis the most common form of contact dermatitis, affecting people who frequently handle harsh chemicals, soaps, or solvents. The condition arises when the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) becomes damaged, leading to dryness, irritation, and inflammation.-A well-known example is housewife’s dermatitis, which develops from repeated hand washing and prolonged exposure to cleaning agents. Alkaline or acidic substances strip away the skin’s natural protective barrier, making it vulnerable to irritation. Even minor cuts or cracks in the skin can worsen symptoms, leading to redness, peeling, and discomfort.-Unlike allergic contact dermatitis, which involves an immune response, irritant dermatitis is caused by direct damage to the skin. The dermatitis reaction may not be immediately seen, as symptoms can develop several days after exposure.-Allergic Contact DermatitisAllergic contact dermatitis involves an immune system reaction rather than relying on the substance's exposure to the skin's outer layer (epidermis). It occurs when the body identifies a substance as harmful and triggers an allergic response. This type of reaction typically affects individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies.-Common allergens include: ● Metals like nickel and bronze found in jewelry, belt buckles, and watches.● Fragrances and preservatives in skincare products, perfumes, and shampoos.● Hair dye and latex gloves frequently encountered in hairdressing and healthcare professions.●Industrial chemicals found in the construction and dyeing industries.-Unlike irritant contact dermatitis, allergic reactions do not always occur immediately. The body may sensitize over time, meaning repeated exposure increases the risk of developing a skin reaction.-The Symptoms of Contact DermatitisThe main symptom of contact dermatitis is a rash, which can vary in appearance based on the severity of the reaction. Depending on an individual's natural skin tone, the affected area often appears red, purple, or darker than the surrounding skin. The rash may be swollen, raised, or bumpy, with a cluster of tiny blisters in severe cases. -Other symptoms include: ●Oozing fluid or pus, particularly if the rash becomes infected.●Itching and burning, which can be intense and uncomfortable.●Dry, cracked, or peeling skin, especially in cases of prolonged irritation.-It is always advised not to scratch the rash, which can break the skin barrier. Once the skin barrier is destroyed, the risk of infection increases and the healing period is extended. While contact dermatitis symptoms may look severe, the condition is not contagious. This is because everyone is unique in what they are allergic to, and not everyone will react the same way to the allergen. -Where Will I Experience Symptoms of Dermatitis on My Body?The location of the contact dermatitis symptoms depends on where the skin was exposed. The face and neck are common areas, particularly the cheeks, eyelids, and lips, as these areas are frequently in contact with cosmetic products and skincare ingredients. The hands, fingers, and arms are common sites of irritation, as they are the first contact points for cleaning agents, detergents, and chemicals. Individuals in construction, hairdressing, and healthcare professions are especially prone to occupational exposure, so it’s advised for employers to provide adequate protective equipment for employees in the workplace, like gloves and facemasks.-Blue Care provide doctor consultation by a team of highly qualified and experienced family doctors. Click hereto contact Blue Care.-Treatments for Contact DermatitisTreatment for contact dermatitis typically focuses on two main approaches: avoiding the triggering substance and managing symptoms with medication.-Identifying and eliminating exposure to irritants or allergens is the most effective way to prevent flare-ups and allow the skin to heal. This may involve switching to fragrance-free and hypoallergenic skincare products, wearing protective gloves when handling cleaning agents or chemicals, and replacing nickel jewelry with hypoallergenic alternatives. For individuals frequently exposed to irritants at work, using barrier creams can help protect the skin from prolonged exposure to harsh substances.-If symptoms persist or become severe, medical treatments can help reduce itching, inflammation, and discomfort. Over-the-counter anti-itch creams containing hydrocortisone can provide relief, while topical or oral antihistamines can help counter allergic reactions. In more severe cases, corticosteroid creams or oral prednisone may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and speed up healing.-With proper contact dermatitis treatment, symptoms can typically clear up within a few weeks, though the itching may subside before the rash entirely disappears. In mild cases, avoiding the triggering substance can lead to a quick recovery within a few days.-Stronger Skin, Better ProtectionContact dermatitis can be frustrating, especially in Hong Kong’s hot and humid climates. It is a manageable condition that requires understanding the difference between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. To have control over contact dermatitis, identifying triggers early and making simple adjustments, such as choosing gentler products and protecting the skin from exposure, can significantly reduce symptoms and prevent future outbreaks.-Remarks:1. Source : Climate in Hong Kong. (2024) Climates to Travel. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/hong-kong#google_vignette2. Source : Contact dermatitis. (2023) NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contact-dermatitis/3. Source : Health Channel Understand Occupational dermatitis. (2021) https://www.oshc.org.hk/oshc_data/files/greencross/2021/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%82%8E.pdf4. Source : ccupational Disease Case Records - Contact Dermatitis. (2003) https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/public/oh/Contact_Dermatitis_TC.pdf

Hepatitis is quietly shaping up to be one of Hong Kong’s pressing health issues, affecting many across the city. This viral disease can cause liver inflammation and can also lead to severe, life-threatening complications if left untreated. With types like hepatitis A, B, C, and E, each form carries distinct risks and spreads in different ways, making awareness essential. Statistics show that about 8-10% of the Hong Kong populationare chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Chronic hepatitis B is particularly dangerous, contributing to over 70% of liver cancer cases in the region. -What is Hepatitis?Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver tissue, which typically results from a viral infection. This inflammation can damage liver cells and impair liver function, which is crucial in metabolism, detoxification, and immunity. When hepatitis leads to chronic liver inflammation, it can cause scarring (fibrosis) and eventually cirrhosis, where healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, severely compromising liver function. In severe cases, hepatitis may lead to liver failure or liver cancer.-Hepatitis TypeHepatitis viruses are classified into several types, with hepatitis A, B, C, and E being the most common in Hong Kong. Hepatitis D and hepatitis G are less familiar. Each type of hepatitis virus has different modes of transmission and impacts on health. While hepatitis A and E are generally acute and do not lead to chronic disease, hepatitis B and C are more likely to become chronic, especially if not detected and managed early. -Hepatitis A and Hepatitis EHepatitis A and hepatitis E share similar modes of transmission, primarily spreading through the consumption of contaminated water or food, particularly shellfish. In Hong Kong, hepatitis A and E are less common than hepatitis B, but cases are still reported annually. In 2022, Hong Kong recorded 22 cases of hepatitis A and 57 cases of hepatitis E , a reminder that attention to this virus is still needed.-Both hepatitis A and E typically present as acute infections, causing symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Still, they do not lead to chronic liver disease. Most individuals recover fully without special treatment, though those with weakened immune systems or individuals who have had organ transplants might experience more severe effects. While hospitalization is not generally required, those infected are advised to monitor their symptoms and avoid any substances that could strain the liver, such as alcohol.-Prevention of Hepatitis A and EReducing the risk of hepatitis A and E is mainly about good hygiene and food safety. Here are some effective prevention methods:-●Thoroughly Cooked Food: Always ensure food, especially seafood, is cooked thoroughly to eliminate potential pathogens.●Avoid Street Food from Unlicensed Vendors: Stick to reputable food establishments and avoid eating from illegal food vendors or hawkers, where food safety standards may be lower.●Regular Hand Washing: Washing hands with soap and water before handling food or after using the restroom is essential in preventing viral transmission.● Hepatitis A injection : Hepatitis A vaccination is effective to prevent HBV infection. Blue Care provides Hepatitis A vaccination services. Click here-to contact Blue Care.-For individuals at higher risk—such as those with chronic liver disease, healthcare workers, food handlers, or people who travel to regions where hepatitis A is prevalent (Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central and South America) ,—vaccination is recommended. Those who use injected medications or illicit drugs or are men who have sex with men or multiple sexual partners should also consider the hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccination is an effective way to protect against hepatitis A and B, but no vaccine is available for hepatitis C and E, making preventive hygiene measures especially important.-Hepatitis B and Hepatitis CHepatitis B and C are primarily spread through blood and bodily fluids, making them more challenging to prevent than hepatitis A and E.-●Hepatitis B Transmission: Hepatitis B can spread through sexual contact, sharing injection instruments, and from an infected mother to her child during delivery. Additional routes include tattooing, ear piercing, and acupuncture if proper sterilization is not observed. Around 8-10%are chronic carriers of hepatitis B, putting them at a higher risk for developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. Chronic hepatitis B is also commonly asymptomatic, meaning carriers may unknowingly spread the virus to others.-●Hepatitis C Transmission: Hepatitis C is transmitted mainly through blood, such as transfusions or shared needles, and less commonly through sexual contact. In Hong Kong, about 0.5% of the population are chronic carriers of hepatitis C . Unlike hepatitis B, hepatitis C does not have a vaccine, making prevention efforts critical. Both hepatitis B and C can lead to long-term liver damage, and symptoms are often mild or non-existent in the early stages. -Blood test is required to diagnose hepatitis B-The test generally consists of blood tests on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)-Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)- People with a positive HBsAg result are currently infected with HBV and should seek medical consultation as soon as possible.- If HBsAg result is positive for more than 6 months after HBV infection, this means CHB has developed.-Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)- A positive anti-HBs result means that the person has adequate hepatitis B antibodies for protection against HBV infection.- Protective antibodies can be acquired after hepatitis B vaccination or recovery from past HBV infection.-Blue Care provides regular check-up and vaccination services. Click here-to know more credit card check up plan details.-What Should You Do if You Have Viral Hepatitis?If you have been diagnosed with viral hepatitis, specific lifestyle changes can help manage the condition and support liver health:●Avoid Alcohol: Alcohol accelerates liver damage, especially for patients who have hepatitis. Abstaining from alcohol allows the liver to focus on healing and limits additional stress on the organ.●Maintain a Balanced Diet: Consuming a well-rounded diet, rich in vitamins and minerals, supports immune function and overall liver health. A diet low in fats and sugars is particularly beneficial.●Quit Smoking: Smoking introduces harmful toxins to the body, which the liver must filter. By quitting, you reduce the liver’s workload and give it a better chance to recover and function effectively.-Staying One Step Ahead of HepatitisHepatitis remains a significant health concern in Hong Kong, with various types posing risks to the community. Understanding the different types of hepatitis, how they spread, and the best prevention strategies is essential to protecting your health. Hepatitis A and E are mainly preventable through good hygiene and mindful food choices, while hepatitis B and C require caution around exposure to blood and bodily fluids. By practicing safe habits and getting vaccinated when appropriate, you can take steps to protect both yourself and those around you from hepatitis.-Remarks:1. Source : Men's Health Line - Viral Hepatitis. (2024). Centre for Health Protection. https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80064.html2. Source : Understanding Hepatitis. (2023). Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.hk/sites/redcross/files/media/hcs_files/HE%20202307%20%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%20%20Understanding%20Hepatitis%20ENG.pdf3. Source : Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis in Hong Kong. (2023). Centre for Health Protection. https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/surveillance_of_viral_hepatitis_in_hk_2022_full_report.pdf4. Source : Hepatitis (2022). NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis/5. Source : Hepatitis A and E Treatment. (2024). John Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-a-and-e-treatment

Eczema is a chronic skin condition that causes redness, inflammation, and intense itching. For many in Hong Kong, it’s a daily challenge, with one in five peopleexperiencing eczema at some point. Children are especially vulnerable, with around 30%affected by eczema, according to a study held in 2019. The condition can disrupt everyday life, leading to discomfort, lack of sleep, and even emotional distress.-What is Eczema?Eczema is a group of skin conditions that result in inflammation and irritation. At its core, eczema is linked to a compromised skin barrier, making it less effective at retaining moisture and more susceptible to allergens and irritants. This dysfunction can result in dry, cracked, and itchy skin. There are several types of eczema, but atopic dermatitis is the most common, especially in children and young adults. While eczema isn’t contagious, its symptoms can vary in intensity, often flaring up due to triggers like weather, allergens, surrounding environments, or stress.-The Causes of EczemaEczema is a complex condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. In Hong Kong, the subtropical climate significantly exacerbates eczema symptoms.-Hong Kong’s Weather and ClimateThe climate in Hong Kong, with its sharp contrasts between humid summers and dry winters, significantly affects eczema sufferers. During winter, the air becomes dry, leading to dehydrated skin that can exacerbate eczema. The lack of humidity strips moisture from the skin, making it itchy and prone to cracking. Conversely, excessive sweating in Hong Kong’s sweltering summers can worsen eczema. Sweat can irritate sensitive skin, triggering inflammation and further itching. The heavy rainfall common during the rainy season adds another challenge. High humidity fosters the growth of allergens like mold and dust mites. These allergens can irritate the skin, leading to frequent flare-ups, especially in children with developing skin barriers.-Allergic Reactions to SubstancesEveryday substances can significantly trigger eczema, particularly in urban environments like Hong Kong. With high population density and limited space, homes and workplaces quickly accumulate dust, especially in less-ventilated areas. Dust irritates the skin and carries microscopic particles, such as dust mites and their droppings, which can trigger allergic reactions that worsen eczema symptoms. You should regularly clean indoor environments and use air purifiers.-During cooler months, woolen fabrics may be a staple in wardrobes, but they also pose a challenge for those who have eczema. The coarse fibers of wool can rub against sensitive skin, leading to further irritation and micro-abrasions that weaken the skin barrier. This makes the skin more susceptible to flare-ups.-Foods and DietCertain foods aggravate eczema symptoms, particularly in individuals with underlying sensitivities. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, can provoke an inflammatory response in some individuals, especially those with gluten intolerance or sensitivity. This inflammation can manifest as skin irritation for those prone to eczema, leading to flare-ups. The immune system’s reaction to gluten can also cause an overproduction of certain compounds that exacerbate inflammation and make the skin more reactive.-Soy, a staple in many Asian diets, is another common trigger. It contains specific proteins that can act as allergens, particularly for individuals with a predisposition to food allergies.When consumed, soy can stimulate the immune system, causing a cascade of allergic responses that include itching, redness, and eczema flare-ups. Processed soy products often contain additives or preservatives that might further irritate sensitive individuals.-It’s important to note that these foods don’t directly cause eczema but act as triggers in individuals predisposed to it. Consulting a healthcare provider or allergist can also provide insights into whether an elimination diet might help manage symptoms.-Common Areas and Symptoms of Eczema-Common Areas of EczemaFor individuals with atopic dermatitis, eczema often affects flexural areas of the body, such as the neck, inner surfaces of the elbows, and the backs of the knees. Contact dermatitis is localized to areas exposed to external irritants, such as the hands, when exposed to harsh chemicals. Elderly patients often experience age-related dryness, with eczema commonly appearing on the lower legs.-Symptoms of EczemaEczema manifests in various ways, with its appearance and symptoms often differing between acute and chronic stages. A common hallmark of eczema is red, patchy rashes with undefined edges, which can spread across different body parts. The affected areas often feel warm and tender, with visible inflammation signaling the skin’s heightened immune response.-In acute eczema, the condition may escalate to the formation of small, fluid-filled blisters. These blisters are prone to breaking open, especially when scratched, exposing raw, sensitive skin beneath. This creates an ideal environment for bacterial infections. Secondary infections can worsen inflammation, prolong healing, and require medical intervention.-What are the General Care and Treatment Options for Eczema?While eczema cannot be cured, its symptoms can be managed through medical treatment and careful skin care practices.-Treatment for EczemaMedical treatments for eczema aim to reduce inflammation and relieve itching. Topical corticosteroids (applied directly to the skin) are commonly prescribed to control inflammation, while antihistamines can help minimize itching. Moisturizing the skin is essential, and gentle, skin-friendly moisturizers are often recommended.-General CareGood skincare habits are vital for managing eczema. Bathing should be limited to short sessions with lukewarm water, as hot water can strip natural oils from the skin. Using hypoallergenic soaps and shampoos can help minimize irritation.-Pure cotton fabrics are ideal for clothing, as they are breathable and help absorb sweat. Woolen garments, on the other hand, should be avoided, as they can irritate sensitive skin. When doing laundry, use mild detergents and ensure clothes are thoroughly rinsed to remove any residue. Keeping the home environment clean is essential as dust and allergens can worsen eczema, so avoid carpets and fluffy toys, which tend to encourage these irritants. -Managing Eczema with Confidence and CareFor many in Hong Kong, the struggle with eczema reflects environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and individual sensitivities. From the humid summers and dry winters that test the skin's resilience to everyday allergens found in homes, wardrobes, and diets, managing eczema requires a holistic and informed approach.-While it cannot be cured, eczema can be effectively managed through medical treatments and lifestyle adjustments. Small, consistent changes—such as choosing breathable fabrics, keeping the home clean, and maintaining a gentle skincare routine—can significantly reduce flare-ups and improve quality of life. Equally important is seeking professional advice to address specific dietary or environmental triggers and tailor treatments that align with individual needs.-Remarks:1. Source : Eczema (2021) https://www.redcross.org.hk/sites/redcross/files/media/hcs_files/HE-202104%20ENG.pdf2. Source : Measuring the quality of life of the families of children with eczema in Hong Kong (2019) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6676062/3. Source : Eczema (2022) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema4. MFMER (2024). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279